(Last Update: 10 February 2021)
References:
- Types of intellectual properties (UPLB)
- Governing policies on intellectual property in UP
- RA 8239
- UP-IPR-Policy
- https://ttbdo.up.edu.ph/policies/copyright-guidelines/
(Text directly lifted from above sources)
Most research outputs in UPLB are in the form of inventions, utility models, industrial designs, computer programs, as well as literary, scholarly, and artistic works. Under the IP Code, inventions are protected by patents; utility models and industrial designs by their registration; and computer programs, literary, scholarly, and artistic works by copyright.[1]
Copyright
Copyright is the exclusive and legally secured right given to creators or authors for their literary and artistic works to prohibit or authorize the reproduction or copying of the work. It allows the creator to derive economic or financial reward from the use of his works by others and to claim authorship of a work and to have that authorship recognized.[1][3]
As a general rule, copyright of all works shall remain with the creator, except in cases of institutional or collaborative works. When copyright must be assigned to the university, creators shall disclose the existence and assign the copyright to the university.[2]
Institutional Work
The University shall have exclusive ownership over institutional works[2]. Institutional works include:
- works that are produced through research and development funded by any Philippine government agency or instrumentality, or government-owned and -controlled corporation from government appropriations and those source from government managed official development assistance funds.
- works supported by a specific allocation of university funds of substantial university resources other than the usual salary and resources made available to every faculty, researcher, student or staff;
- commissioned works or those works created at the direction and control of the university through its officials or designates for a specific project or purpose;
- works whose authorship cannot be attributed to one or a discrete number of authors despite the application of processes prescribed; and
- works whose authorship cannot be attributed to one or a discrete number of authors because it is the result of simultaneous or sequential contributions over time by multiple authors.
In the absence of any contractual stipulation to the contrary, if the works is the result of collaborative efforts between the University, an outside entity and the creator/s, the copyright shall be jointly owned by the university, the creator/s and the outside entity.[2][4]
Waiver of ownership of copyright by the university
In case of institutional works and works of joint ownership with the University, the university through its designated officials may waive copyright in favor of the creator if all of the following conditions are met[2]:
- the waiver would enhance the transfer of technology or improve the access of the works by the public in general;
- the waiver does not violate any existing contractual obligation and to the third parties; and
- the participation of the University in the work is acknowledged by the creator in all publications of the work, whether local or international.
(RA 8293, Part IV: The Law on Copyright)[3]
Section 177. Copyright or Economic Rights. -
Subject to the provisions of Chapter VIII, copyright or economic rights shall consist of the exclusive right to carry out, authorize or prevent the following acts:
177.1. Reproduction of the work or substantial portion of the work;
177.2. Dramatization, translation, adaptation, abridgment, arrangement or other transformation of the work;
177.3. The first public distribution of the original and each copy of the work by sale or other forms of transfer of ownership;
177.4. Rental of the original or a copy of an audiovisual or cinematographic work, a work embodied in a sound recording, a computer program, a compilation of data and other materials or a musical work in graphic form, irrespective of the ownership of the original or the copy which is the subject of the rental; (n)
177.5. Public display of the original or a copy of the work;
177.6. Public performance of the work; and
177.7. Other communication to the public of the work. (Sec. 5, P. D. No. 49a)
Section 178. Rules on Copyright Ownership. -
Copyright ownership shall be governed by the following rules:
178.1 Subject to the provisions of this section, in the case of original literary and artistic works, copyright shall belong to the author of the work;
178.2. In the case of works of joint authorship, the co-authors shall be the original owners of the copyright and in the absence of agreement, their rights shall be governed by the rules on co-ownership. If, however, a work of joint authorship consists of parts that can be used separately and the author of each part can be identified, the author of each part shall be the original owner of the copyright in the part that he has created;
178.3. In the case of work created by an author during and in the course of his employment, the copyright shall belong to:
(a) The employee, if the creation of the object of copyright is not a part of his regular duties even if the employee uses the time, facilities and materials of the employer.
(b) The employer, if the work is the result of the performance of his regularly-assigned duties, unless there is an agreement, express or implied, to the contrary.
178.4. In the case of a work commissioned by a person other than an employer of the author and who pays for it and the work is made in pursuance of the commission, the person who so commissioned the work shall have ownership of the work, but the copyright thereto shall remain with the creator, unless there is a written stipulation to the contrary;
Section 185. Fair Use of a Copyrighted Work.
185.1. The fair use of a copyrighted work for criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching including multiple copies for classroom use, scholarship, research, and similar purposes is not an infringement of copyright. Decompilation, which is understood here to be the reproduction of the code and translation of the forms of the computer program to achieve the inter-operability of an independently created computer program with other programs may also constitute fair use. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is fair use, the factors to be considered shall include:
(a) The purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes;
(b) The nature of the copyrighted work;
(c) The amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(d) The effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
185.2. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not by itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
Section 187. Reproduction of Published Work.
187.1. Notwithstanding the provision of Section 177, and subject to the provisions of Subsection 187.2, the private reproduction of a published work in a single copy, where the reproduction is made by a natural person exclusively for research and private study, shall be permitted, without the authorization of the owner of copyright in the work.
187.2. The permission granted under Subsection 187.1 shall not extend to the reproduction of:
(a) A work of architecture in the form of building or other construction;
(b) An entire book, or a substantial part thereof, or of a musical work in graphic form by reprographic means;
(c) A compilation of data and other materials;
(d) A computer program except as provided in Section 189; and
(e) Any work in cases where reproduction would unreasonably conflict with a normal exploitation of the work or would otherwise unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (n)
Section 189. Reproduction of Computer Program.
189.1. Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 177, the reproduction in one (1) back-up copy or adaptation of a computer program shall be permitted, without the authorization of the author of, or other owner of copyright in, a computer program, by the lawful owner of that computer program: Provided, That the copy or adaptation is necessary for:
(a) The use of the computer program in conjunction with a computer for the purpose, and to the extent, for which the computer program has been obtained; and
(b) Archival purposes, and, for the replacement of the lawfully owned copy of the computer program in the event that the lawfully obtained copy of the computer program is lost, destroyed or rendered unusable.
189.2. No copy or adaptation mentioned in this Section shall be used for any purpose other than the ones determined in this Section, and any such copy or adaptation shall be destroyed in the event that continued possession of the copy of the computer program ceases to be lawful.
189.3. This provision shall be without prejudice to the application of Section 185 whenever appropriate. (n)
Section 193. Scope of Moral Rights.
The author of a work shall, independently of the economic rights in Section 177 or the grant of an assignment or license with respect to such right, have the right:
193.1. To require that the authorship of the works be attributed to him, in particular, the right that his name, as far as practicable, be indicated in a prominent way on the copies, and in connection with the public use of his work;
193.2. To make any alterations of his work prior to, or to withhold it from publication;
193.3. To object to any distortion, mutilation or other modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to, his work which would be prejudicial to his honor or reputation; and
193.4. To restrain the use of his name with respect to any work not of his own creation or in a distorted version of his work. (Sec. 34, P.D. No. 49)
